These findings have real-world implications for students taking morning exams.Īs any college student will tell you, the worst time to take a class is first thing in the morning. These results suggest that caffeine has a specific benefit for memory during students’ non-optimal time of day – early morning. Despite clear increases in physiological arousal, exercise did not improve memory performance compared to a stretching control condition. In Experiment 2, participants engaged in cardiovascular exercise in order to examine whether increases in physiological arousal similarly improved memory. Caffeine did not alter memory performance in the afternoon. During the morning, participants ingesting caffeine demonstrated a striking improvement in explicit memory, but not implicit memory. After consuming coffee (caffeinated or decaffeinated), college-age adults completed implicit and explicit memory tasks in the early morning and late afternoon (Experiment 1). Although students drink caffeinated beverages to feel more awake, it is unclear whether these actually improve performance. Many college students struggle to perform well on exams in the early morning.
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